八ㄅㄚbā苦ㄎㄨˇkǔ

佛學上指世間生、老、病、死、怨憎會、愛別離、求不得、五盛陰等八種苦果。《大般涅槃經·卷上》：「汝等當知此八種苦及有漏法。以逼迫故，諦實是苦。」

英the eight distresses - birth, age, sickness, death, parting with what we love, meeting with what we hate, unattained aims, and all the ills of the five skandhas (Buddhism)

德Dukkha (Sprachw)